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While the Iban men aim to excel in farming, headhunting and obtaining tajau jars and brassware beside becoming lemambang bards or manang shamans, the women's war path is on weaving and plaiting. The Iban have three types of cloth called "pua kumbu", "pua sungkit" and "pua karap". Pua Kumbu is a traditional patterned multicolored ceremonial cotton cloth used by the Iban, made and used in Sarawak, Malaysia. Pua kumbu are woven by Dayak women and are considered to be sacred objects. They are used for lifecycle rituals and special events including the birth of a child, coming of age celebrations, receipt of an important item to a longhouse, and to screen a corpse that is being laid out in a longhouse prior to burial. Beside Pua Kumbu, there are also Pua Sungkit and Pua Karap. All in all, the full-range of Dayak textile products includes at least seven main items i.e. pua kumbu (covering blankets), kain kebat (ornament-attached skirts), baju burung (bird-motive jackets), sirat (loincloths), tikai burit (seat mat), selampai (scalps) and sentagai (sword waist rope). The complete range of textile making techniques of Dayak comprises: beadwork, cowry shell embroidery, songket (a supplementary embroidery method using floating spools of gold or silver metallic threads), and the wrapping or slit tapestry technique known as silat, pilih (a continuous weft supplementary embroidery method) which is common on jackets, skirts, and loincloths, and certainly not uncommon on pua’ among all Ibanic groups.〔para. 4 http://moussons.revues.org/2267〕 Iban cloths are famous for their deep red Morinda citrifolia backgrounds. Pilih, in contrast, has a white background, but like its resist tie-and-dye ikat and weft wrapping sungkit cousins, it depicts many powerful designs, particularly those of the crocodile and the water serpent. Some pua’ cloths have a blue background. A red based cloth of crocodile or water serpent is powerful because crocodile (Ribai) and water serpent (Nabau) are powerful extraterrestrial figures. Iban warriors often depict ‘helping spirits’ on the back of their jackets. Crocodile and water serpent are two such spirits.〔para. 4 http://moussons.revues.org/2267〕 ==Pua kumbu== The pua kumbu, the hand-woven warp ikat textile of the Iban, represents the quintessence of Iban culture. It is, depending on the design, historical archive, a mythological or religious story or a personal tale. It is a statement about the soul of the weaver and her relationship with the spirits. Throughout history, women have been inextricably associated with textile arts. No matter what materials are used, no matter what form of culture is referenced, their participation has remained constant in influencing, shaping and evolving numerous varied techniques. When one reviews historical and anthropological literature, this fact is seldom recognised or is relegated to rather insignificant cultural importance. Thus it is not surprising that although much has been written on Iban culture, emphasis has been on male dominated activities. As a result, very little research has been made into women's contribution on the technical aspects of weaving, there has been little study of the pua kumbu in a cultural and social context. Discussion and ensuing interpretation of the symbolism has been limited to the study of individual motifs rather than examining the pua composition as a whole. The first objective of this article is to appreciate the application of the technical, creative and artistic skills of the women, who are weavers and dyers, that signify the social values of Iban traditional society, the second is to examine the evaluation of a hierarchy of women's status, identified through attainment of weaving skills and the third is to examine the traditions and related functions of the symbolic language of the textile design in the pua kumbu. Such information is important for a greater cultural understanding of Iban textile weaving. As there is no written documentation of Iban cultural history, it is impossible to trace an accurate record of the origin and development of this textile tradition. History is best remembered through oral traditions passed from generation to generation in the form of pengap, timang, pantun, sabak and renong by the bards (lemambang) and belian by shamans. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pua Kumbu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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